In 1618 he was still concerned with detailed moves to improve his relationship with Spain, such as the translation of the anti-Calvinist Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, and the execution of the buccaneering Sir Walter Raleigh. Success in reducing the religious factor in international relations then deteriorated for James, in parallel with the failure of the Spanish Match, with the onset of the Thirty Years' War. His efforts against wars in Europe had been largely effective, and his own status as a Protestant ruler who was on good terms with Catholic powers was high. James I's policy Īt the beginning of 1618 James I and VI was in a strong diplomatic position. A point brought up against it in 1620 was that the previous "Spanish matches", those that had brought Catherine of Aragon to England, and Philip II of Spain to marry Queen Mary, had in the popular memory turned out badly. From 1614 to her own death in 1619, Queen Anne gave some support to a Spanish match, preferring at times a French marriage, and recognising that the Spanish proposals were entirely based on self-interest. For her second son Charles, there were candidate marriages mooted from Savoy and Tuscany, as well as Spain and France. After his death she supported the idea of a Spanish marriage for her daughter Elizabeth, but in 1613 Elizabeth married a prominent Protestant prince. The black armband is thought to be a sign of mourning for her brother Henry Frederick.Ī Spanish marriage for Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, Charles's elder brother who had died in 1612, had been proposed by his mother Anne of Denmark. The wedding never took place despite the signing of a marriage contract by King James criticism instead led to the dissolution of Parliament.īackground Portrait of Princess Elizabeth Stuart, later Queen of Bohemia, called the Winter Queen. The climax of the ensuing decade of high-level negotiation to secure a marriage between the leading Protestant and Catholic royal families of Europe occurred in 1623 in Madrid, with the embassy of the Prince Charles and James's favourite, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Further, he proposed a marriage alliance, offering a dowry of £500,000 (later increased to £600,000), which seemed especially attractive to James after the failure of the Parliament of 1614 to provide him with the financial subsidies he requested. The policy, unpopular with England's Protestant House of Commons, where the recent Anglo-Spanish War had not been forgotten, was initiated during the embassy to England of Gondomar, who arrived in London in 1614 with the offer that Spain would not interfere with James's troubled rule in Ireland if James would restrain the English " privateers" in Spanish American waters. Negotiations took place over the period 1614 to 1623, and during this time became closely related to aspects of British foreign and religious policy, before breaking down completely. The Spanish match was a proposed marriage between Prince Charles, the son of King James I of England, and Infanta Maria Anna of Spain, the daughter of Philip III of Spain. Charles I portrait by Daniel Mytens, 1631 It is not to be confused with the Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain. Horizontal creases,laid to album page.This article is about the proposed marriage of the Duke of Cornwall to Maria Anna of Spain. Hollstein 164, New Hollstein 420 (Van Dyck), Wessely 30Ĭondition: Trimmed within the plate, small loss to top and bottom left hand corners. Vaillant is most remembered today for his mezzotints. In 1664 he settled in Amsterdam and became the court painter of John William Friso, Prince of Orange. In 1659 he went to Paris with Philibert de Gramont where he stayed five years. Vaillant helped invent the Mezzotint technique (schraapkunst, or zwartekunst) with Prince Rupert of the Rhine when he was his tutor, performing experiments in etching techniques. He also traveled with his brothers to Frankfurt and Heidelberg. He moved with his parents in 1643 to Amsterdam, moved to Middelburg in 1647, and returned to Amsterdam in 1658. He is said to have been a student of Erasmus Quellinus II (1607–1678) in Antwerp. Wallerant Vaillant was the oldest of five brothers, who all became successful painters. Wallerant Vaillant, (1623 - 1677), was a painter of the Dutch Golden Age and one of the first artists to use the mezzotint technique, which he probably helped to develop. Wallerant Vaillant after Anthony van DyckĪfter a detail from Anthony van Dyck's 1632 painting Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria with Charles, Prince of Wales and Princess Mary in the Royal Collection.
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